Corte di giustizia UE n. 151/2016

[OSCURATO:PERSONA] ([OSCURATO:PERSONA]) 28 July 2016 ( * ) (Appeal — Restrictive measures imposed on certain persons and entities forming part of the Government of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] or linked to it — [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of persons, groups and entities covered by the freezing of funds and economic resources — Inclusion of the appellants’ names) [OSCURATO:PERSONA] C‑330/15 P, APPEAL under [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 56 of the Statute of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of Justice of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA], brought on 3 July 2015, [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and Others, represented by M. O’Kane, Solicitor, and by M. Lester and Z. Al-Rikabi, Barristers, appellants, the other parties to the proceedings being: [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA], represented by B. Driessen and A. Vitro, acting as [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], represented by E. Georgieva, M. Konstantinidis and T. Scharf, acting as [OSCURATO:PERSONA], defendants at first instance, [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and [OSCURATO:PERSONA], represented by M. Holt, acting as Agent, and by S. Lee, Barrister, intervener at first instance, [OSCURATO:PERSONA] ([OSCURATO:PERSONA]), composed of R. Silva de Lapuerta, President of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA], A. Arabadjiev, J.-C. Bonichot, S. Rodin (Rapporteur) and E. Regan, Judges, [OSCURATO:PERSONA]: P. Mengozzi, Registrar: A. [OSCURATO:PERSONA], having regard to the written procedure, having decided, after hearing the [OSCURATO:PERSONA], to proceed to judgment without an Opinion, gives the following [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 1 By their appeal, [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and the 120 other appellants whose names are listed in the annex to the present judgment seek to have set aside the judgment of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of 22 April 2015 in [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and Others v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (T‑190/12, ‘the judgment under appeal’, EU:T:2015:222), by which the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] dismissed their action for annulment of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2012/97/CFSP of 17 February 2012 amending [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (OJ 2012 L 47, p. 50), [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (EU) No 151/2012 of 21 February 2012 amending [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (EC) No 314/2004 concerning certain restrictive measures in respect of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (OJ 2012 L 49, p. 2), and [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2012/124/CFSP of 27 February 2012 implementing [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (OJ 2012 L 54, p. 20) (together ‘the contested measures’), in so far as those measures relate to the appellants. Background to the dispute 2 On 18 February 2002, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] adopted, under [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 15 EU (now [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 29 TEU), [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2002/145/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (OJ 2002 L 50, p. 1), in which it expressed its concerns about the situation in [OSCURATO:PERSONA]. Its attention was focused on serious violations of human rights committed by the Government of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] in relation, in particular, to the freedom of opinion, freedom of association and freedom of peaceful assembly. 3 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 3 and 4 of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2002/145, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] imposed a travel ban in the territory of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and froze the funds of the persons listed in the annex to that common position ‘who are engaged in activities that seriously undermine democracy, respect for human rights and the rule of law in [OSCURATO:PERSONA]’. In addition, under [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 7, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] determined that that common position was to apply for a renewable 12-month period from the date of its entry into force and was to be kept under constant review. 4 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2004/161/CFSP of 19 February 2004 renewing restrictive measures against [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (OJ 2004 L 50, p. 66) provided for the renewal of the restrictive measures imposed by [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2002/145. 5 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (EC) No 314/2004 of 19 February 2004 concerning certain restrictive measures in respect of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (OJ 2004 L 55, p. 1) was adopted, as stated in recital 5 thereof, in order to implement the restrictive measures provided for by [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2004/161. 6 Recital 2 of that regulation states: ‘[OSCURATO:PERSONA] continues to consider that the Government of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] is still engaging in serious violations of human rights. Therefore, for as long as the violations occur, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] deems it necessary to maintain restrictive measures against the Government of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and those who bear prime responsibility for such violations.’ 7 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 6(1) of the regulation is worded as follows: ‘All funds and economic resources belonging to individual members of the Government of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and to any natural or legal persons, entities or bodies associated with them as listed in [OSCURATO:PERSONA] III shall be frozen.’ 8 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 11(b) of the regulation provides: ‘[OSCURATO:PERSONA] shall be empowered to: ... (b)      amend [OSCURATO:PERSONA] III on the basis of decisions taken in respect of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] to [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2004/161/CFSP.’ 9 It should be noted that the names of the majority of the appellants appear in [OSCURATO:PERSONA] III to [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 314/2004. 10 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 151/2012 amended [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 314/2004. [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 1 of that implementing regulation replaced [OSCURATO:PERSONA] III to [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 314/2004 with a new annex containing the names of all the appellants. [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 6 and 11 of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 314/2004 remain unchanged. 11 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101/CFSP of 15 February 2011 concerning restrictive measures against [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (OJ 2011 L 42, p. 6, and corrigendum OJ 2011 L 100, p. 74) repealed [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2004/161. That decision provides for the imposition, on the persons whose names appear in the annex thereto, of restrictive measures similar to those provided for in [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2004/161. 12 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 4(1) of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101 provides: ‘[OSCURATO:PERSONA] shall take the measures necessary to prevent the entry into, or transit through, their territories of members of the Government of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and of natural persons associated with them, as well as of other natural persons whose activities seriously undermine democracy, respect for human rights and the rule of law in [OSCURATO:PERSONA]. The individuals referred to in this paragraph are listed in the [OSCURATO:PERSONA].’ 13 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 5(1) of that decision is worded as follows: ‘All funds and economic resources belonging to individual members of the Government of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] or to any natural or legal persons, entities or bodies associated with them, or belonging to any other natural or legal person whose activities seriously undermine democracy, respect for human rights and the rule of law in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], shall be frozen. The persons and entities referred to in this paragraph are listed in the [OSCURATO:PERSONA].’ 14 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 6(1) of the decision provides: ‘[OSCURATO:PERSONA], acting upon a proposal by a [OSCURATO:PERSONA] or the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] for [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and [OSCURATO:PERSONA], shall adopt modifications to the list contained in the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] as required by political developments in [OSCURATO:PERSONA].’ 15 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 7 of the decision provides: ‘1.      [OSCURATO:PERSONA] shall include the grounds for listing the natural or legal persons and entities. 2.      [OSCURATO:PERSONA] shall also contain, where available, the information necessary to identify the natural or legal persons or entities concerned. With regard to natural persons, such information may include names, including aliases, date and place of birth, nationality, passport and ID card numbers, gender, address, and function or profession. With regard to legal persons or entities, such information may include names, place and date of registration, registration number and place of business.’ 16 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2012/97 amends [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101. [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2012/97 replaces [OSCURATO:PERSONA] I to [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101, but the appellants’ names continue to be listed in it. 17 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2012/124 amends the listing of one of the appellants in [OSCURATO:PERSONA] I to [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101. The amendment concerns the grounds for that listing. 18 On 20 April 2012, the appellants asked the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] to provide them with ‘all of the evidence and information’ on which it had relied in making its decision to apply restrictive measures to them. The procedure before the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and the judgment under appeal 19 By application lodged at the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] on 25 April 2012, the appellants brought an action for annulment of the contested measures. 20 In support of their action, the appellants relied on five pleas in law, alleging, first, that there was no proper legal basis for including persons or entities who are neither leaders of the Republic of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] nor their associates in the list of persons subject to the restrictive measures in question; secondly, a manifest error of assessment; thirdly, infringement of the obligation to state reasons; fourthly, infringement of their rights of defence; and, fifthly, breach of the principle of proportionality. 21 After the action was brought, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] notified the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of the adoption of other acts concerning the appellants. These include: –        [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2013/160/CFSP of 27 March 2013 amending [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101/CFSP (OJ 2013 L 90, p. 95), which replaced [OSCURATO:PERSONA] II to [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101. The names of most of the appellants, both natural persons and entities, appear in that list; –        [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (EU) No 298/2013 of 27 March 2013 amending [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 314/2004 (OJ 2013 L 90, p. 48), which contains the same names of natural persons and entities as those listed in [OSCURATO:PERSONA] II to [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101, as replaced by [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2013/160; –        [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2013/469/CFSP of 23 September 2013 implementing [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101 (OJ 2013 L 252, p. 31), which amended [OSCURATO:PERSONA] I to [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101 so as to remove one of the appellants; –        [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (EU) No 915/2013 of 23 September 2013 amending [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 314/2004 (OJ 2013 L 252, p. 23), which amended [OSCURATO:PERSONA] III to the latter regulation so as to remove the reference in that annex to one of the appellants; –        [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2014/98/CFSP of 17 February 2014, which amends [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101 (OJ 2014 L 50, p. 20). The annex to [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2014/98 includes the names of several appellants; and –        [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (EU) No 153/2014 of 17 February 2014 amending [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 314/2004 and repealing [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 298/2013 (OJ 2014 L 50, p. 1). [OSCURATO:PERSONA] IV to [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 314/2004, as added by [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 153/2014, includes the names of all the appellants — natural persons and entities — who were still listed in [OSCURATO:PERSONA] III to [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 314/2004, save for one in respect of whom the freezing of funds and economic resources provided for in that regulation still applies and has not been suspended. 22 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] rejected the five pleas put forward and, therefore, dismissed the action in its entirety. Forms of order sought and procedure before the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of Justice 23 By their appeal, the appellants claim that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] should: –        set aside the judgment under appeal; –        annul the contested measures in so far as they apply to the appellants; and –        order the respondent institutions to pay the costs of the proceedings at first instance and of the appeal. 24 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] contends that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] should: –        dismiss the appeal; and –        order the appellants to pay the costs of the appeal and of the procedure before the [OSCURATO:PERSONA]. 25 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] contends that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] should: –        in so far as it is admissible, dismiss the appeal; and –        order the appellants to pay the costs of the proceedings. 26 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and [OSCURATO:PERSONA] contends that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] should dismiss the appeal. The appeal 27 The appellants put forward seven grounds of appeal. It is appropriate to examine together the first and fifth grounds of appeal, relating to the legal basis of the contested measures, then the fourth ground of appeal, concerning respect for the rights of the defence in the procedure before the institutions, then the second and sixth grounds of appeal together, as to whether the contested measures are well founded, and, lastly, the third and seventh grounds of appeal, concerning the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] obligation to state reasons. The first and fifth grounds of appeal Arguments of the parties 28 By their first ground of appeal, the appellants claim that the only legal basis for [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 151/2012 is [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 11(b) of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 314/2004, according to which the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] is to be empowered to amend [OSCURATO:PERSONA] III on the basis of decisions taken in respect of the annex to [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2004/161. 29 They submit that, at the time of the adoption of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 151/2012, [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2004/161 had been repealed by [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101. [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 11(b) of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 314/2004 continues to refer to [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2004/161. [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 291 TFEU, they state that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] is empowered to adopt implementing regulations only where the act in question confers such a power on it, and there is nothing in the wording of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 11(b) to suggest this conclusion. 30 By their fifth ground of appeal, the appellants maintain that, where the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] lacks a legal basis for imposing restrictive measures on non-[OSCURATO:PERSONA] actors — that is people who are neither members of the Government nor their associates —, it is not open to the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] to re-characterise listing decisions taken under them so that they no longer purport to apply to non-[OSCURATO:PERSONA] actors, despite the fact that the respondent institutions understood them to extend to non-[OSCURATO:PERSONA] actors and applied them in that way. 31 [OSCURATO:PERSONA], supported by the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and by the [OSCURATO:PERSONA], contends that the first and fifth grounds of appeal should be rejected as unfounded. 32 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] submits that the first ground of appeal is a new plea and is therefore inadmissible. In addition, it maintains that the lack of clarity with regard to the fifth ground of appeal renders it inadmissible. Findings of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] –       Admissibility 33 It should be noted that, according to the case-law of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA], to allow a party to put forward for the first time before the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of Justice a plea in law which it did not raise before the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] would in effect allow that party to bring before the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] a wider case than that heard by the [OSCURATO:PERSONA]. In an appeal, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] jurisdiction is, as a general rule, confined to a review of the assessment by the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of the pleas argued before it. However, an argument which was not raised at first instance does not constitute a new plea that is inadmissible at the appeal stage if it is simply an amplification of an argument already developed in the context of a plea set out in the application before the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (judgment of 10 April 2014 in Areva and Others v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] , C‑247/11 P and C‑253/11 P, EU:C:2014:257, paragraphs 113 and 114). 34 [OSCURATO:PERSONA], according to settled case-law, it follows from the second subparagraph of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 256(1) TFEU, the first paragraph of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 58 of the Statute of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of Justice of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 168(1)(d) of the Rules of Procedure of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of Justice that an appeal must indicate precisely the contested elements of the judgment which the appellant seeks to have set aside and also the legal arguments specifically advanced in support of the appeal (see, in particular, judgments of 4 September 2014 in Spain v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] , C‑197/13 P, EU:C:2014:2157, paragraph 43, and of 5 March 2015 in Ezz and Others v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] , C‑220/14 P, EU:C:2015:147, paragraph 111). In this regard, [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 169(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of Justice specifies that the pleas in law and legal arguments relied on must identify precisely those points in the grounds of the decision of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] which are contested. 35 In the present case, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA], in paragraphs 118 and 133 of the judgment under appeal, addressed the issues relating to the legal basis of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 151/2012 in the context of the first plea in law raised before it. Consequently, the first ground of appeal is not a new plea in law. Moreover, as regards the fifth ground of appeal, it is clear that it concerns the same issues, and it must therefore be considered admissible. 36 The first and fifth grounds of appeal must accordingly be held to be admissible. –       Substance 37 It should be borne in mind that review of the legal basis of an act enables the procedure for the adoption of that act to be checked as to whether it was vitiated by any irregularity (judgment of 6 December 2005 in ABNA and Others , C‑453/03, C‑11/04, C‑12/04 and C‑194/04, EU:C:2005:741, paragraph 53). According to settled case-law, the choice of the legal basis for an EU measure must rest on objective factors amenable to judicial review, which include the aim and content of that measure (see, in particular, judgment of 19 July 2012 in Parliament v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] , C‑130/10, EU:C:2012:472, paragraph 42). 38 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 29 TEU, which replaced [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 15 EU, enables the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] to adopt decisions which define the approach of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] to a particular matter of a geographical or thematic nature. [OSCURATO:PERSONA] are to ensure that their national policies conform to the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] positions. [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 215(2) TFEU allows the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] to adopt restrictive measures against natural or legal persons and groups or non-[OSCURATO:PERSONA] entities, namely, measures that, before the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force, required [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 308 EC too to be included in their legal basis if their addressees were not linked to the governing regime of a third country (see, to that effect, judgment of 3 September 2008 in Kadi and [OSCURATO:PERSONA] v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and [OSCURATO:PERSONA] , C‑402/05 P and C‑415/05 P, EU:C:2008:461, paragraph 216). 39 In the present case, [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2002/145 was adopted on the basis of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 15 EU by the [OSCURATO:PERSONA], which expressed its concerns about the situation in [OSCURATO:PERSONA]. [OSCURATO:PERSONA] thus imposed, for a renewable 12-month period, restrictive measures which were to be subject to annual review. [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2004/161 provided for those measures to be renewed. 40 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 314/2004, amended by [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 151/2012, was adopted on the basis of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 60 EC and 301 EC (now [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 75 TFEU and 215 TFEU). 41 In adopting Decisions 2012/97 and 2012/124, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] relied on [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 29 TEU and [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 31(2) TEU, respectively. As regards the legal basis for [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 151/2012, it must be noted that that amends [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 314/2004, the latter having as its basis [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2004/161. There is continuity between [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2004/161 and [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101, given that the latter not only repealed the former but also replaced it. 42 It is evident that the wording of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 11(b) of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 314/2004, according to which the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] is empowered to amend [OSCURATO:PERSONA] III to that regulation on the basis of decisions taken in respect of the annex to [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2004/161, covers not only [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2004/161 but also any decision, like [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101, that is substituted for that common position and contains essentially identical provisions. 43 Accordingly, the appellants’ argument that, at the time of the adoption of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 151/2012, [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2004/161 had been repealed by [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101 does not establish that that regulation has no legal basis. 44 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] therefore correctly held, in paragraphs 118 and 133 of the judgment under appeal, that [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 11(b) of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 314/2004 constitutes an adequate legal basis for the adoption of a [OSCURATO:PERSONA] implementing regulation, such as [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 151/2012. 45 As regards the plea that it is not open to the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] to re-characterise listing decisions where the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] does not have a legal basis on which to impose restrictive measures on non-[OSCURATO:PERSONA] actors — that is to say, in this instance, on persons who are neither ‘members of the Government of [OSCURATO:PERSONA]’ nor ‘natural persons associated with them’ — it must be noted that, as the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] recalled in paragraph 122 of the judgment under appeal, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of Justice, in its judgment of 19 July 2012 in Parliament v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (C‑130/10, EU:C:2012:472), observed that, as a result of the amendments made to primary law after the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force, the content of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 60 EC, relating to restrictive measures with regard to capital movements and payments, and [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 301 EC, on the interruption or reduction, in part or completely, of economic relations with one or more third countries, is mirrored in [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 215 TFEU. As the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of Justice has also confirmed, [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 215(2) TFEU allows the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] to adopt restrictive measures against natural or legal persons and groups or non-[OSCURATO:PERSONA] entities (paragraph 51 of that judgment). 46 [OSCURATO:PERSONA], in paragraphs 63 and 64 of the judgment of 13 March 2012 in [OSCURATO:PERSONA] v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (C‑376/10 P, EU:C:2012:138), the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] stated that, in order for it to be possible for them to be adopted on the basis of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 60 EC and 301 EC as restrictive measures imposed on third [OSCURATO:PERSONA], the measures in respect of natural persons must be directed only against the leaders of such [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and the persons associated with those leaders (judgment of 3 September 2008 in Kadi and [OSCURATO:PERSONA] v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and [OSCURATO:PERSONA] , C‑402/05 P and C‑415/05 P, EU:C:2008:461, paragraph 166). That requirement ensures that there is a sufficient link between the persons concerned and the third [OSCURATO:PERSONA] targeted by the restrictive measures adopted by the [OSCURATO:PERSONA], precluding too broad an interpretation of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 60 EC and 301 EC which would therefore be contrary to the case-law of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA]. 47 In examining the precise links of those non-[OSCURATO:PERSONA] actors in terms of support for the regime, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] related the contested measures to the legal basis that is [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 4(1) of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101, according to which the ‘[OSCURATO:PERSONA] shall take the measures necessary to prevent the entry into, or transit through, their territories of members of the Government of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and of natural persons associated with them, as well as of other natural persons whose activities seriously undermine democracy, respect for human rights and the rule of law in [OSCURATO:PERSONA]’. 48 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] correctly held, in paragraph 130 of the judgment under appeal, that, in the particular circumstances of [OSCURATO:PERSONA], the natural persons whose activities seriously undermine democracy, respect for human rights and the rule of law in [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and the legal persons, entities or bodies belonging to those natural persons, referred to in [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 4 and 5 of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101, should not be regarded as other than persons associated with the members of the Government of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and the legal persons, entities or bodies belonging to such associates, but constitute, in fact, a particular category of those associates. 49 In conclusion, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA], in ruling as outlined above, did not re-characterise listing decisions, but specifically ascertained whether the contested measures were covered by the legal bases relied on in those acts. 50 In the light of all of the foregoing, the first and fifth grounds of appeal must be rejected as unfounded. The fourth ground of appeal Arguments of the parties 51 The appellants maintain that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] departed from settled case-law on rights of defence by holding that the respondent institutions were not required to communicate evidence or the basis for maintaining a listing, or to give the appellants an opportunity to make observations, prior to a decision to re-list them. The appellants claim, in essence, that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] did not notify them before adopting the contested measures. 52 The appellants submit that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of Justice held, in paragraph 62 of the judgment of 21 December 2011 in France v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (C‑27/09 P, EU:C:2011:853), that the adoption of a decision renewing a fund-freezing measure previously adopted must be preceded by notification of the incriminating evidence and by the person or entity concerned being allowed an opportunity of being heard. 53 Lastly, the appellants state that they were not provided with any evidence in advance of the contested measures being readopted, to support the grounds on which each of them was included within the scope of those measures. [OSCURATO:PERSONA] should therefore have found that the respondent institutions had infringed the appellants’ rights of defence. 54 [OSCURATO:PERSONA], supported by the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and by the [OSCURATO:PERSONA], contends that the fourth ground of appeal should be rejected as unfounded. Findings of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 55 As a preliminary point, a distinction must be drawn between the initial fund-freezing measure, and a subsequent fund-freezing measure concerning a person or entity already covered by that initial measure. 56 In paragraph 61 of the judgment of 21 December 2011 in France v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (C‑27/09 P, EU:C:2011:853), the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] held that, in the case of an initial decision to freeze funds, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] is not obliged to inform the person or entity concerned beforehand of the grounds on which that institution intends to rely in order to include that person or entity’s name in the list of persons or entities referred to in a fund-freezing measure. So that its effectiveness may not be jeopardised, such a decision must, by its very nature, be able to take advantage of a surprise effect and to apply immediately. In such a case, it is as a rule enough if the institution notifies the person or entity concerned of the grounds of that decision and affords it the right to be heard at the same time as, or immediately after, the decision is adopted. 57 In the present case, the appellants first established contact with the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] institutions by means of the letter of 1 September 2011 sent by [OSCURATO:PERSONA] to the President of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] ‘on behalf of all the natural and legal persons and legal entities listed in the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] to [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101’. In that letter, [OSCURATO:PERSONA] disputed that the grounds given to justify the imposition of restrictive measures on all those persons were well founded, but did not request disclosure of the evidence of the claims made in that annex. 58 In its reply of 20 September 2011, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] stated that the grounds for the imposition of restrictive measures on the persons and entities concerned were set out in the annex to [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101 and otherwise referred to the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of 16 February 2011 for the attention of the persons, entities and bodies to which restrictive measures provided for in [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101 apply (OJ 2011 C 49, p. 4). That notice mentioned, inter alia, that the persons, entities and bodies concerned by the restrictive measures at issue could submit a request to the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] that the decision to include them on the list in that annex should be reconsidered, and indicated the address to which such a request was to be sent. A similar notice was, moreover, published in the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] on 18 February 2012 (OJ 2012 C 48, p. 13), following the adoption of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2012/97. 59 In addition, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] issued a written question asking the appellants to state, in the event that they did not accept that the letter of 20 February 2012 addressed to [OSCURATO:PERSONA] constituted notification of the restrictive measures at issue to all the appellants, on what date and by what means the other appellants had become aware of the adoption of those measures and of their content. The representatives of the appellants replied that they were unable, in the time available, to ascertain the precise date on and means by which each appellant became aware of the fact of their inclusion in those measures. 60 According to the appellants, the publication in the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of a notice relating to the contested measures cannot be regarded as sufficient. [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] contend that, when the contested measures were adopted, they did not have the appellants’ addresses. 61 It is for the purpose of complying with the principle of effective judicial protection that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] is required to communicate to the natural or legal person, entity or body concerned its decision to include them on a list of persons or entities subject to restrictive measures, including the grounds for listing, either directly, if the address is known, or through the publication of a notice, providing such natural or legal person, entity or body with an opportunity to present observations (see, to that effect, order of 10 December 2015 in NICO v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] , C‑153/15 P, not published, EU:C:2015:811, paragraphs 44 and 45). 62 In paragraph 213 of the judgment under appeal, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] found the appellants’ argument in relation to the service of the contested acts to be of no relevance in the context of examination of whether their rights of defence were respected prior to the adoption of the contested measures. It must be added that service of those measures necessarily follows their adoption and determines the starting point for the period allowed for bringing proceedings. 63 In the present case, it is common ground that the appellants were aware of the contested measures. Moreover, it must be noted that the action at first instance was brought in time, and this point has not been disputed by the respondent institutions. Thus, notwithstanding the absence of an address for individual notification, mere publication in the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] did not prevent an action for annulment from being brought before the [OSCURATO:PERSONA]. 64 It follows from this that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] correctly held, in paragraphs 193 and 194 of the judgment under appeal, that the appellants had in their possession information which was sufficiently precise, and that it was the responsibility of the appellants themselves to request, if they wished, disclosure of the evidence concerning them on which the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] had relied. Accordingly, it must be noted that the respondent institutions did not infringe the appellants’ rights of defence as regards the initial decision adopting the restrictive measures to which they are subject. 65 [OSCURATO:PERSONA], as to the case of a decision to maintain the name of a person or entity already appearing in the list of persons or entities covered by a fund-freezing measure, in paragraph 204 of the judgment under appeal, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] recalled the judgment of 21 December 2011 in France v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (C‑27/09 P, EU:C:2011:853), which, in paragraph 62, established the principle that surprise effect is no longer necessary in order to ensure that such a measure is effective, with the result that the adoption of such a decision must, in principle, be preceded by notification of the incriminating evidence and by the person or entity concerned being allowed an opportunity of being heard. 66 In that regard, it must be noted that, according to the case-law of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of Justice, when sufficiently precise information has been disclosed, enabling the person concerned properly to state his point of view on the evidence adduced against him by the [OSCURATO:PERSONA], the principle of respect for the rights of the defence does not mean that that institution is obliged spontaneously to grant access to the documents in its file. It is only on the request of the party concerned that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] is required to provide access to all non-confidential official documents concerning the measure at issue (see, to that effect, judgment of 16 November 2011 in [OSCURATO:PERSONA] v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] , C‑548/09 P, EU:C:2011:735, paragraph 92). 67 It must also be stated that, according to the case-law of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of Justice, the right to be heard prior to the adoption of acts which maintain restrictive measures against persons already subject to those measures applies where the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] has admitted new evidence against those persons and not where those measures are maintained on the basis of the same grounds as those that justified the adoption of the initial act imposing the restrictive measures in question (see, to that effect, judgment of 21 December 2011 in France v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] , C‑27/09 P, EU:C:2011:853, paragraph 63). 68 In the present case, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] did not err in law in ruling, in paragraph 205 of the judgment under appeal, that the grounds set out in the contested measures as justification for the imposition on the applicants of the restrictive measures at issue are not essentially different from those set out in the earlier acts, namely [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101 and [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 314/2004, the statement of reasons having been amended in certain cases to update details of the post held by the appellant concerned. 69 In the light of all of the foregoing, the fourth ground of appeal must be rejected as unfounded. The second and sixth grounds of appeal Arguments of the parties 70 By their second ground of appeal, the appellants submit that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] was entitled to target only persons whose activities seriously undermine democracy, respect for human rights and the rule of law. In their submission, being a member of the Government of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] or associated with it is not sufficient ground for being listed. [OSCURATO:PERSONA], in their view, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] interpreted the words ‘persons associated’ too broadly. 71 By their sixth ground of appeal, the appellants maintain that, in characterising certain persons as being ‘associates’ of members of the Government on the basis of past conduct, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] created a presumption not stated in the contested measures or in the grounds for their listing, and with no evidential support, that those individuals colluded with the leaders to whom the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] has attributed responsibility for policies of violence and intimidation. 72 The appellants state that, as the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] recognised in paragraph 103 of the judgment under appeal, there must be collusion between the persons directly implicated in conduct which constitutes a crime or an offence and some, at least, of the leaders of the third country concerned in order for such conduct to be capable of harming democracy itself or the rule of law. However, they argue that there is no indication in the contested measures or in the statement of reasons for them that the respondent institutions alleged, still less proved, that there was collusion between the appellants and the leaders of the Republic of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] or that the appellants were the ‘true instruments’ of the policy of violence which the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] imputes to the leaders of that third country. 73 According to the appellants, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] wrongly justified the characterisation of those accused of misconduct as ‘associates’ of members of the Government on the basis that such misconduct involved collusion with at least some of the leaders of the Republic of [OSCURATO:PERSONA], that the individuals concerned were the ‘true instruments’ of the policy of violence and intimidation, and that they were directly involved in such violence and intimidation as ‘leaders and instigators’. 74 [OSCURATO:PERSONA], supported by the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and by the [OSCURATO:PERSONA], contends that the second and sixth grounds of appeal should be rejected as unfounded. Findings of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 75 In the present case, [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 4(1) of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2011/101 provides for three categories of persons who may be subject to restrictive measures, namely members of the Government of [OSCURATO:PERSONA], natural persons associated with them and other natural persons whose activities seriously undermine democracy, respect for human rights and the rule of law in [OSCURATO:PERSONA]. 76 As is apparent from the case-law of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA], the concept of a third country, within the meaning of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 60 EC and 301 EC, may include the rulers of such a country and also individuals and entities associated with or controlled, directly or indirectly, by them (judgment of 13 March 2012 in [OSCURATO:PERSONA] v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] , C‑376/10 P, EU:C:2012:138, paragraph 43 and the case-law cited). 77 It must be noted that the grounds for the restrictive measures adopted against the Government of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] are clear from the common positions and decisions taken under the common foreign and security policy and regulations adopted since 2002. It is apparent in particular from recital 4 of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2002/145 that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] had assessed that that government was continuing to engage in serious violations of human rights and of the freedom of opinion, of association and of peaceful assembly. Therefore, for as long as the violations occurred, it was necessary to introduce restrictive measures against that government and those who bore a wide responsibility for such violations (order of 1 December 2015 in Georgias and Others v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and [OSCURATO:PERSONA] , C‑545/14 P, not published, EU:C:2015:791, paragraph 35). 78 In addition, it is clear from both recital 7 of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 2004/161 and recital 2 of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 314/2004 that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] objective was to adopt restrictive measures targeted at members of the Government of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and thereby exert pressure on those persons to reject policies that undermine human rights, freedom of expression and good governance (order of 1 December 2015 in Georgias and Others v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and [OSCURATO:PERSONA] , C‑545/14 P, not published, EU:C:2015:791, paragraph 39). 79 As regards the second category of persons covered by the restrictive measures at issue, the contested measures do not contain any definitions of the concept of ‘association’ with the members of the Government of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] to whom the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] has imputed responsibility for policies of violence and intimidation. Nor do they contain any details as to how those matters are to be proved. 80 It must, however, be determined whether, in the light of the review which the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] carried out regarding the grounds on the basis of which the appellants were included on the list of persons subject to restrictive measures, it made an error of law which should result in the judgment under appeal being set aside (see, to that effect, judgment of 21 April 2015 in Anbouba v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] , C‑605/13 P, EU:C:2015:248, paragraph 44). 81 It must be concluded that, in reviewing whether the appellants’ inclusion on the list of persons subject to restrictive measures is well founded, it is necessary to assess whether their situation constitutes sufficient proof of collusion between them and the leaders of the Republic of [OSCURATO:PERSONA]. Such an appraisal must be carried out by examining the evidence not in isolation but in its context. 82 In view of the situation in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] discharges the burden of proof borne by it if it presents to the Courts of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] a set of indicia sufficiently specific, precise and consistent to establish that there is a sufficient link between the person subject to a measure freezing his funds and the regime (see, to that effect, judgment of 21 April 2015 in Anbouba v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] , C‑605/13 P, EU:C:2015:248, paragraph 52). 83 In that regard, the situation in [OSCURATO:PERSONA] must be considered as described in the contested measures and as taken into account by the [OSCURATO:PERSONA]. In the present case, in paragraph 232 of the judgment under appeal, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] found that ZANU-PF is not just any political party, but the party which monopolised power during the period of violence, intimidation and infringements of the fundamental rights of the Zimbabwean people. In addition, in paragraph 164 of the judgment under appeal, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] noted that there had not been in the interim any collapse in the country concerned of the regime in power. 84 Consequently, those who hold senior posts, such as the individuals involved in military, police or security operations, must be regarded as being fully associated with the Government of [OSCURATO:PERSONA], unless they have taken specific action demonstrating their rejection of the government’s practices. In those circumstances, referring to the capacity of those individuals or to the posts they occupy is sufficient, as the contested measures themselves expressly provide. It must be noted that no presumption has been applied, the interpretation of EU legislation in the light of the context in which it was adopted supporting the conclusion that the persons concerned should be made subject to restrictive measures. 85 As the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] ruled in paragraph 105 of the judgment under appeal, the restrictive measures concerned by Decisions 2011/101 and 2012/97 were imposed on the appellants not on the ground of their alleged implication in certain conduct which might constitute a crime or an offence, but because of the alleged conduct on their part which, while also falling in all probability within the scope of criminal law or, at the least, civil law, was part of a strategy of intimidation and systematic violation of the fundamental rights of the Zimbabwean people, responsibility for which the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] assigned to the leaders of the Republic of [OSCURATO:PERSONA]. It is precisely on that last ground that the persons who were accused of such conduct could legitimately be made subject to the restrictive measures referred to by the two abovementioned decisions, adopted on the basis of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 29 TEU. 86 The reference, in the grounds of the contested measures, to posts formerly occupied by some appellants, reveals that the authors of those measures considered that, for that reason, the appellants concerned remained associates of the leaders of the Republic of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and that they were not aware of anything to call into question that view. [OSCURATO:PERSONA] correctly held, in paragraph 164 of the judgment under appeal, that, in circumstances such as those of this case, recalled in paragraph 83 of the present judgment, reference to the fact that a person occupied in the past a post on the basis of which he can be characterised, while occupying that post, as a member of the government of the country concerned or as an associate of such a member, constitutes sufficient justification for his being characterised, after leaving that post, as an associate of members of the government of the country concerned. 87 It follows from all the foregoing considerations that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] reviewed whether the appellants’ inclusion on the lists of persons subject to restrictive measures was well founded on the basis of a set of indicia relating to the situation, functions and relations of those individuals in the context of the Zimbabwean regime. 88 Moreover, as is apparent from the established case-law of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of Justice, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] has exclusive jurisdiction to find the facts, save where a substantive inaccuracy in its findings is attributable to the documents submitted to it, and to appraise those facts. The appraisal of the facts therefore does not, save where the clear sense of the evidence has been distorted, constitute a point of law which is subject, as such, to review by the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of Justice (judgment of 10 July 2014 in Telefónica and Telefónica de España v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] , C‑295/12 P, EU:C:2014:2062, paragraph 84). 89 In the present case, the appellants maintain that it is not clear to them on what basis the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] differentiated between the occupations it deemed sufficient to establish association with the Government of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and those deemed insufficient to establish such association. In addition, they complain that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] described high-ranking officials or civil servants, including provincial governors, and police and military officers as working closely with members of that government and on that basis considered that they could legitimately be characterised as associates of members of that government, no additional justification being necessary. 90 By their arguments, the appellants are in fact criticising the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] assessment, as such, of the facts and of the evidence relating to them. Accordingly, the appellants are trying to obtain from the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of Justice a fresh assessment of the facts found by the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and of the evidence put forward, which, in accordance with the case-law cited in paragraph 88 of the present judgment, is outside the scope of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of Justice’s review. 91 In the light of all of the foregoing, the second and sixth grounds of appeal must be rejected as being in part inadmissible and in part unfounded. The third and seventh grounds of appeal Arguments of the parties 92 By their third ground of appeal, the appellants submit that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] departed from settled case-law on the obligation to state reasons by permitting reliance on vague reasons that were not particularised, and/or supplementing those reasons with additional reasons not stated anywhere in the contested measures. 93 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] reasoning, in paragraph 103 of the judgment under appeal, according to which collusion between persons directly implicated in conduct which constitutes a crime or an offence and some, at least, of the leaders of the third country concerned cannot be inferred, according to the appellants, from the reasons set out in the grounds for the inclusion of the persons concerned in the list of persons or entities subject to the restrictive measures at issue, and should therefore be treated as constituting a new reason. 94 The appellants, by their seventh ground of appeal, claim that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] failed to test its conclusions in relation to each appellant, or to treat each as having an application that merited separate consideration. [OSCURATO:PERSONA] failed to give any consideration to whether the respondent institutions had discharged their burden of proving that the contested measures were taken on a sufficiently solid factual basis in respect of each appellant. It proceeded on the incorrect premiss that the appellants were not challenging the factual basis of their inclusion on the list of persons or entities subject to the restrictive measures at issue. 95 The appellants submit that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] failed, however, to consider whether the contested measures were proportionate in relation to each appellant, instead making the general statement, in paragraph 298 of the judgment under appeal, that those measures were proportionate in the light of the deep concern felt by the EU authorities as regards the situation in [OSCURATO:PERSONA]. According to the appellants, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] should have found that the contested measures were disproportionate in so far as they applied to the appellants. 96 [OSCURATO:PERSONA], supported by the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and by the [OSCURATO:PERSONA], contends that the third and seventh grounds of appeal should be rejected as unfounded. Findings of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 97 It will be recalled that the obligation to state the reasons on which a judgment is based arises under [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 36 of the Statute of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of Justice of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA], which applies to the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] by virtue of the first paragraph of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 53 of the Statute, and [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 81 of the Rules of Procedure of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA]. It has consistently been held that the statement of the reasons on which a judgment of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] is based must clearly and unequivocally disclose that court’s reasoning in such a way as to enable the persons concerned to ascertain the reasons for the decision taken and the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of Justice to exercise its power of review (see, to that effect, judgment of 19 December 2012 in [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and [OSCURATO:PERSONA]Halle v [OSCURATO:PERSONA] , C‑288/11 P, EU:C:2012:821, paragraph 83 and the case-law cited). 98 With regard to restrictive measures, the Courts of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] must determine whether the competent EU authority has complied with the procedural safeguards and the obligation to state reasons laid down in [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 296 TFEU, in particular, whether the reasons relied on are sufficiently detailed and specific (see, to that effect, judgment of 18 July 2013 in [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and Others v Kadi , C‑584/10 P, C‑593/10 P and C‑595/10 P, EU:C:2013:518, paragraph 118). 99 It must also be stated that, by their third and seventh grounds of appeal, the appellants are challenging not the reasons given in the contested measures but the findings of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] on account, respectively, of the reliance on additional reasons to justify the contested measures and the failure to consider each ground for annulment in relation to the particular circumstances of each appellant. 100 In the present case, as regards the appellants’ argument that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] relied on additional grounds not stated anywhere in the contested measures, it must be noted that the annexes to those measures which contain the appellants’ names are in the form of tables. The third column in those tables is headed ‘Grounds for designation’. In the case of natural persons, the last two columns of those annexes indicate, inter alia, the governmental or administrative post which the person concerned occupies or occupied, or, in the case of individuals who have not occupied such posts, what the authors of the contested measures considered to be the relevant status of those persons. In a good number of cases there is also information that the individual concerned is a member of ZANU-PF, which alone held power, and, where appropriate, a brief description of the acts of violence and intimidation or infringements of fundamental rights of the Zimbabwean people imputed to the individual concerned by the [OSCURATO:PERSONA]. 101 Consequently, the grounds set out in the third column of the annexes to the contested measures are such that the posts giving the appellants the status of members of the Government of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] or associating them with it, and certainly associating them with the leaders of the Republic of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] within the meaning of the case-law of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA], can be clearly inferred. 102 In that respect, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] did not err in law in the judgment under appeal by analysing, first, in paragraph 134 of that judgment, whether the listings at issue contained sufficient reasons in general terms to justify the adoption and renewal of those measures in the light of the situation in [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and, secondly, by considering whether the contested measures contained reasons that were sufficient in the specific case of each appellant so as to justify the imposition or renewal of the restrictive measures at issue with regard to the person or entity concerned. 103 [OSCURATO:PERSONA], as regards the appellants’ argument that, when they submitted their observations, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] wrongly considered their evidence to be inadmissible, it must be noted that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA], in paragraph 263 of the judgment under appeal, found that the arguments put forward for the first time in the reply to call into question the truth and accuracy of the grounds in the contested measures constituted a new plea. 104 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] considered that, since the appellants had already become acquainted with the contested measures before the proceedings were brought, it was possible for them to challenge, in the application, the truth and accuracy of those grounds. In that respect, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] correctly held that the arguments which the appellants put forward in the reply in order to challenge the truth and accuracy of the grounds for the contested measures against them were inadmissible. 105 With regard to the statement of reasons for including each appellant on the list of persons or entities subject to the restrictive measures at issue, the appellants submit that the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] failed to analyse whether the occupations or former occupations of each appellant were capable of influencing government policy of the Government of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] or whether the appellant concerned was in a position to reject such policy. 106 In the present case, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] examined in the judgment under appeal, notably in paragraphs 159 to 162 and 169 to 174 thereof, for each person or entity included on the list of persons or entities subject to the restrictive measures at issue, by reference to the column relating to the ‘Grounds for designation’ annexed to the contested measures, the precise reasons justifying the adoption or continuation of the restrictive measures at issue with regard to each appellant. 107 In the light of all of the foregoing, the third and seventh grounds of appeal must be rejected as unfounded. 108 It follows from all these considerations that the appeal must be dismissed. Costs 109 In accordance with [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 184(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of Justice, where the appeal is unfounded, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] is to make a decision as to the costs. 110 [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 138(1) of those rules, which applies to the procedure on an appeal by virtue of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 184(1) thereof, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. 111 Since the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] have applied for costs and the appellants have been unsuccessful, the latter must be ordered to bear their own costs and to pay those incurred by the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and the [OSCURATO:PERSONA]. 112 In accordance with [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 140(1) of the Rules of Procedure of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of Justice, which applies to the procedure on an appeal by virtue of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] 184(1) thereof, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA], which has intervened in the proceedings, is to bear its own costs. On those grounds, the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] ([OSCURATO:PERSONA]) hereby: 1. Dismisses the appeal; 2. [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and the 120 other appellants whose names are listed in the annex to the present judgment to bear their own costs and to pay those incurred by the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and the [OSCURATO:PERSONA]; 3. [OSCURATO:PERSONA] the [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and [OSCURATO:PERSONA] to bear its own costs. [Signatures] [OSCURATO:PERSONA] of appellants [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA] ([OSCURATO:PERSONA]), [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA]Chininga (deceased), [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA] T. Gurira, residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (deceased), [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], R. Kwenda (deceased), [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA] G. [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (deceased), [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], S. Mpabanga, residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], C. Muchono, residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (deceased), [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], S. Mutsvunguma, residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA] S. Mzilikazi, residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (deceased), [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (deceased), [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (deceased), [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (deceased), [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], residing in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA], established in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (Private) Ltd, established in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (Private) Ltd, established in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (Private) Ltd, established in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA] and [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (Private) Ltd, established in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], M & S Syndicate (Private) Ltd, established in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (Private) Ltd, established in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (Private) Ltd, established in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (Private) Ltd, established in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA] (Private) Ltd, established in [OSCURATO:PERSONA], [OSCURATO:PERSONA]., established in [OSCURATO:PERSONA]. * Language of the case: English.